Psychometric network analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in Paraguayan general population.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are two of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders worldwide, both in the general population and in outpatient clinical settings. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) based on network analysis metrics. METHODS: A total of 911 Paraguayans (23.71% women and 76.29% men; mean age 31.25 years, SD = 10.63), selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, participated in the study. Network analysis was used to evaluate the internal structure, reliability, and measurement invariance between men and women. RESULTS: The results revealed that the PHQ-4 is a unidimensional measure through Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA). Reliability, through structural consistency, identified that 100% of the time, only a single dimension was obtained, and all items remained stable, as they were always replicated within the empirical dimension. The unidimensional structure has shown evidence of configural invariance; therefore, the network structure functioned equally among the different sex groups. CONCLUSION: The PHQ-4 presented optimal preliminary evidence of validity based on its internal structure, reliability, and invariance between sexes. Therefore, it may be useful as an accurate and brief measure of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the Paraguayan context.

Relationship Between Fear of Monkeypox and Intention to be Vaccinated Against Monkeypox in a Peruvian Sample. The Mediating Role of Conspiracy Beliefs About Monkeypox.

The present study evaluated the predictive capacity of fear of Monkeypox (MPX) on the intention to be vaccinated against MPX and the influence of conspiracy beliefs as a mediating variable in this relationship in 516 Peruvian sample with an average age of 27.10 years participated. Monkeypox Fear Scale, MPX Conspiracy Beliefs Scale and a single item of intention to be vaccinated against MPX were used. Statistical analyses have included estimation of descriptive statistics for all variables in the model tested and Structural Equation Modeling to predict intention to be vaccinated against monkeypox. It has been found that fear has a positive impact on conspiracy beliefs about MPX and intention to be vaccinated against MPX. Finally, conspiracy beliefs are negatively related to intention to be vaccinated. As for indirect effects, both are statistically significant. The model explains 11.4% of the variance in beliefs and 19.1% in intention to be vaccinated. It is concluded that fear of MPX played an important role, both directly and indirectly, in the intention to be vaccinated against MPX, having conspiratorial beliefs about MPX as a mediating variable. The results have important implications for public health practices aimed at combating doubts about MPX vaccination.

Factorial invariance of Satisfaction with Family Life Scale in adolescents from Peru and Portugal.

The Satisfaction with Family Life Scale (SWFLS) is a measure of a person's satisfaction with their family life as a whole that has been used in different cultural contexts. However, its internal structure and factorial invariance have not been investigated simultaneously in culturally different samples from America and Europe. The current study aims to evaluate the internal structure and factorial invariance of the SWLFS in adolescents from Peru and Portugal, through a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The study was conducted on 439 adolescents from Peru (N = 232; Ageaverage = 15.50, S.D. = 0.65) and Portugal (N = 207; Ageaverage = 16.16, S.D. = 0.81). First, the confirmatory factorial analysis for each group was carried out, followed by the multi-group confirmatory factorial analyses. Results indicated that the one-factor structure of the SWLFS presents a good adjustment to the data, in addition to an adequate internal consistency. Moreover, the presence of configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance is demonstrated across culturally different samples. The SWFLS is a brief and valid measure of satisfaction with family life that is useful for intercultural comparisons between samples of adolescents from Peru and Portugal.

Validación de la Escala Breve de Optimismo Interactivo-G en México antes de la COVID-19 / Validation of the Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G in Mexico before COVID-19 / Validação da Escala Breve de Otimismo Interativo-G no méxico antes do COVID-19

Resumen Los objetivos primarios del presente estudio fueron determinar la validez de constructo, convergente y discriminante de la Escala Breve de Optimismo Interactivo-G (EBOI-G), en participantes de seis estados de México y calcular su consistencia interna. Participaron 3 289 mexicanos, 2 028 hombres y 1 243 mujeres (18 casos no contestaron cuál era su género). Su edad promedio = 30.43 años, DE = 10.52. Se usó el análisis factorial confirmatorio y análisis de regresión múltiple, y se encontraron buenos indicadores promedio de bondad de ajuste (e. g., CFI = .99; RMSEA = .07.). Se evaluó la validez convergente, r (3 289) = .52 (p = < .01; d = mediano), con la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Se estimó la validez discriminante, r (3 289) r = -.19, con la Escala Breve de Disposición a la Ira (p = < .01; d = casi pequeño). El alfa = .70 (3 289); p = < .01; el omega = .76. Se concluye que hay evidencia parcial nacional que apoya el uso de la EBOI-G, debido a la carencia de una medida de este tipo en México, útil cuando menos para propósitos de investigación.

Abstract The primary objectives of this study were determining the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity of the Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G (BIOS-G) in participants from six states of Mexico and estimating its internal consistency. In this study 3289 Mexicans participated (2028 men and 1243 women). The average age was = 30.43 years and SD = 10.52. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) were applied. There were appropriate fit indexes (e. g., CFI = .99; RMSEA = .07.). Convergent validity showed an r (3289) = .52 (p = < .01; d = medium), with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the estimation of discriminant validity was r (3 289) r = -.19 with the Brief Scale for Assessing Anger Proneness (APS-G) (p = < .01; d = almost small), Alpha = .70 (3 289); p = < .01; omega = .76. The conclusion is that there is partial national evidence supporting the use of BIOS-G, because Mexico lacks a measure of this kind, being useful, at least, for research purposes.

Resumo Os objetivos primários do estudo foram determinar a validade convergente e discriminante do construto da Escala Breve de Otimismo Interativo-G (EBOI-G), em participantes de seis estados do México e calcular sua consistência interna. Participaram 3 289 mexicanos, sendo 2 028 homens e 1 243 mulheres. A média de idade foi = 30.43 anos, DP = 10.52. Foram utilizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias e análises de regressão múltipla. Bons indicadores médios de qualidade de ajuste foram encontrados (por exemplo, CFI = .99; RMSEA = .07.) A validade convergente foi avaliada, r (3 289) = .52 (p = <.01; d = mediana), com a Escala de satisfação com a vida. A validade discriminante, r (3 289) = -.19 foi estimada com a Escala Breve de Disposição à Raiva (p = <.01; d = quase pequeno). O alfa = 0,70 (3 289); p = <0,01; o ômega = 0,76. Conclui-se que há evidências nacionais parciais que apoiam o uso da EBOI-G, devido à falta de uma medida desse tipo no México, sendo útil pelo menos para fins de pesquisa.

Factorial validity and invariance analysis of the five items version of Mindful Awareness Attention Scale in older adults.

Objective: Mindfulness or the full attention state is a factor that contributes to the successful process of aging. This study aims to evaluate the evidence of validity, on the basis of the internal structure, convergent and discriminant validity, reliability and factorial invariance across gender, for the five items Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5) within a sample of older adults.Methods: The participants were 323 Peruvian older adults, consisting of 160 women and 163 men, whose average ages were 68.58 (S.D = 7.23) and 68.91 years (S.D = 7.12), respectively. In addition to the MAAS-5, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 were administered.Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicates that the one-factor structure of the MAAS-5 presents adequate fit for the total sample (χ2 = 11.24, df = 5, χ2/df = 2.25, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .06 [90%CI: .01, .11]; and SRMR = .025), as well as for the sub-samples of men and women. This one-factor solution presents adequate internal consistency (ω = 80 [95%CI: .76 - .82]) and it is invariant across gender. Regarding convergent validity, high scores in the MAAS are associated with a greater satisfaction with life (r = .88, p< .01 [95%CI: .85, .95]) and less depression (r = -.56, p< .01 [95%CI: -.48, -.77]) in older adults.Conclusions: The preliminary results back the use of the MAAS-5 as a self-report measure of mindfulness that has an adequate unifactorial structure that is reliable and invariant across gender for measuring the full attention state in elderly Peruvians.

A New Brief Scale to Measure Optimism.

This research was done to find if using maximum likelihood could reduce the Interactive Optimism Scale-Garcia to a new valid and reliable shorter version. There were 502 adults: 263 women and 239 men (Mage = 34.67, SD = 12.27). It was used in confirmatory factor analysis. A four-item scale is obtained, having excellent goodness of fit: [χ2/df = .609, GFI (Jöreskog and Sörbom's Goodness-of-Fit Index) = .999, NFI (Normed Fit Index) = .999, CFI (Bentler's Comparative Fit Index) = 1.000, RMSEA (Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation) = .000 (90% CI = .0001, .077); SRMR (standardized root mean square residual) = .007], as well as factorial invariance across sexes; the scale has good internal consistency (ω = .869, α = .858, ordinal α = .906). Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G correlates significantly with self-esteem (r = .779, p < . 01, 95% CI [.816, .736]), depression (r = -.810, p < .01, 95% CI [.843, .772]), and psychopathy (r = -.670, p < . 01, 95% CI [.723, .611]). In conclusion, Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G is a good option for measuring optimism in Mexicans.

The Construct, Convergent and Divergent Validity, and Reliability of Three Optimism Scales among North American University Students.

The primary objective of this study is to compare the construct, convergent and divergent validity and the reliability of three optimism scales. The study relied on a nonprobability sample of 100 social work students at Western Michigan University in the United States (Seventy-nine percent of the sample were female, and 21% were male). The sample's mean age was 26.35 years, SD = 7.70. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of the respondents self-identified as White, and 31% self-identified as African American, Hispanic/Latino, multiethnic, Native American or Asian American. The study used confirmatory factor and multiple regression analyses (CFA and MRA). The findings show that the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) and the Personal Optimism Scale (POS) were supported by three indicators of goodness of fit, while the Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-Garcia (BIOS-G) was supported by eight. The LOT-R showed no acceptable internal consistency indicators, but the POS and the BIOS-G showed several good internal consistency indicators. Correlations of all of these scales with the Physical Well-being Scale-Garcia (PWS-G) ranged from r (100) = .303, p = .002 to r (100) = .439, p = .000. The three scales had divergent validity because their scores did not differ by gender (LOT-R: t(100) = -.885, p = .383; POS: t(100) = -.263, p = .794; BIOS-G: t(100) = -.840, p = .407). The findings suggest the advisability of recommending the BIOS-G, which is short and easy to use and understand.

Structure analysis of subjective well-being / Análisis de la estructura del bienestar subjetivo

Abstract Introduction There is controversy regarding the structure of subjective well-being (SWB) and the possibility of calculating a SWB total score. Objective To test and compare five models proposed for the description of SWB. Method The study was implemented with a cross-sectional, ex-post-facto design using an incidental sampling method. The Positive and Negative Experience Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were applied to a sample composed of 600 students of health sciences from two universities of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Data were analyzed through a structural equation modeling, using Maximum Likelihood and Corrected-Bias Percentile methods. Results The bifactor model comprising three specific factors, vis-à-vis the model composed of three correlated factors, had the best data fit (Δχ2/Δdf = 8.166 > 5, ΔNFI = .018, ΔNNFI = .015, and ΔCFI = .016 > .01), and all its fit indices were close; however, the specific factor related to positive affect had a poor contribution. Nevertheless, the model composed of three correlated factors had the greatest parsimony (PR = .853, PNFI = .804, PNNFI = .813, PCFI = .819, and PGFI = .706) and its three factors showed convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability. Discussion and conclusion The two models with the best properties justify the use of a composite score of SWB based on the scores of positive affect, negative affect, and satisfaction with life, as well as scores for these three specific domains of content. From a psychometric perspective, the model composed of three correlated factors yielded the best result.

Resumen Introducción Hay una controversia en torno a la estructura del bienestar subjetivo (BS) y la posibilidad de calcular una puntuación total del BS. Objetivo Contrastar y comparar cinco modelos propuestos para el BS. Método El diseño del estudio fue ex-post-facto de corte transversal. Se usó un muestreo incidental. La Escala de Experiencias Positivas y Negativas y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida se aplicaron a una muestra compuesta por 600 estudiantes de ciencias de la salud de dos universidades de Nuevo León, México. Los datos se analizaron por modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales, usando Máxima Verosimilitud y Percentiles Corregidos de Sesgo. Resultados El modelo bifactor de tres factores específicos tuvo, respecto del modelo compuesto por tres factores correlacionados, tuvo el mejor ajuste a los datos (Δχ2/Δdf = 8.166 > 5, ΔNFI = .018, ΔNNFI = .015 y ΔCFI = .016 > .01) y todos sus índices de ajuste fueron buenos; no obstante, el factor específico de afecto positivo tuvo una contribución pobre. Sin embargo, el modelo de tres factores correlacionados tuvo la mayor parsimonia (PR = .853, PNFI = .804, PNNFI = .813, PCFI = .819 y PGFI = .706) y sus tres factores mostraron validez convergente, validez discriminante y consistencia interna. Discusión y conclusión Los dos modelos con mejores propiedades justifican el uso de una puntuación compuesta de BS integrada por afecto positivo, afecto negativo y satisfacción con la vida, así como puntuaciones para estos tres dominios específicos de contenido. Desde la perspectiva psicométrica, el modelo de tres factores correlacionados proporcionó el mejor resultado.

Validation of the Mexican Spanish Version of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience in a Sample of Medical and Psychology Students.

The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) aims to measure affect with high transcultural validity. The bifactor model is the best theoretical option to represent affective balance, although it is not typically used in validation studies. The objectives of this research were to test a bifactor model vis-à-vis the traditional model composed of two correlated factors, to prove its invariance across sexes, and to provide evidence of concurrent validity. A nonprobability sample composed of 600 Mexican students of psychology and medicine was recruit. One-group and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses were carried out. The SPANE and the scales selected to assess depression, perceived stress, and satisfaction with life were applied. The bifactor model showed better goodness-of-fit indices than the two correlated factors model: Δχ2(11) = 121.436, p < . 001, Δχ2/Δdf = 11.04 > 5, ΔGFI = .034, ΔNFI = .025, ΔNNFI = .022, and ΔCFI = .023 >.01. The internal consistency for the general factor as well as for the factor of positive affect was excellent, whereas it was good for the factor of negative affect. The measurement model was valid across sexes. The general factor of affective balance had a very high correlation with depression, high with perceived stress, and medium with satisfaction with life. It is concluded that SPANE is reliable and shows evidence of validity among Mexican student of psychology and medicine, and the bifactor model is adequate to represent affective balance.

Contraste del Modelo Jerárquico Tetrafactorial para el Test de Actitud Corporal en Mujeres Mexicanas / Testing the 4 Factor Hierarchical Model for the Body Attitude Test in Mexican Women

Resumen El Body Attitude Test (BAT) fue desarrollado para evaluar la experiencia subjetiva hacia el propio cuerpo y las actitudes que se tienen con el mismo en muestra clínica de mujeres con desórdenes alimentarios. Objetivo. Este estudio toma la versión en español del BAT y analiza su estructura, su consistencia interna e invarianza factorial en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanas. Método. Se usó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar la estructura factorial subyacente e identificar la validez de constructo del modelo de medición, así como se realizó un análisis de la invarianza factorial. Participantes. La muestra se conformó por 571 mujeres con una media de edad de 15.2 (DE=2.51). Resultados. El análisis de consistencia interna mostró una alta confiabilidad para el conjunto de 20 ítems igual a la propuesta original. La estructura tetrafactorial fue confirmada en el total de la muestra mediante una validación cruzada de la misma, dividida en pares y nones obteniendo valores de bondad de ajuste adecuados (x2/gl = 3.615; RMSEA = .068; CFI = .917; TLI = .903; IFI=.917; NFI= .889). La estructura modelada fue estrictamente invariante en los grupos analizados de preadolescentes y adolescentes. Conclusiones. Se concluye que el BAT posee propiedades psicométricas apropiadas para población no clínica de adolescentes, no obstante, se requieren de futuras investigaciones que incluyan población clínica.

Abstract The Body Attitude Test (BAT) was developed to evaluate the subjective experience and the attitudes towards the own body in a clinical sample of women with eating disorders. Objective. This study takes the Spanish version of the BAT and analyzes its factorial structure, internal consistency and invariance in a sample of Mexican women. Method. A confirmatory factorial analysis was used to evaluate the underlying factor structure and identify the construct validity of the measurement model, as well as an analysis of the factorial invariance. Participants. The sample consisted of 571 women with an average age of 15.2 (SD=2.51). Results. The internal consistency analysis showed a high reliability for the set of 20 items equal to the original proposal. The tetrafactorial structure was confirmed in the total of the sample through a cross-validation, dividing the sample into pairs and odds with adequate goodness-of-fit values (x2 / df = 3.615, RMSEA = .068, CFI = .917, TLI = .903, IFI = .917, NFI = .889). The modeled structure was strictly invariant in the analyzed groups of preadolescents and adolescents. Conclusions. It is concluded that the BAT possesses psychometric properties appropriate for the nonclinical population of women, however, future investigations that include a clinical population are required.

Escala del Modelo de Creencias de Salud para la Autoexploración de Mama en Estudiantes Universitarias / The Health Beliefs Model Scale for Breast Self-Examination in University Students

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar la escala del modelo de creencias de salud para la autoexploración de mama (AEM) en estudiantes universitarias y determinar su validez y confiabilidad. La escala de modelo de creencias de salud sobre la AEM de 39 ítems fue aplicada en 994 estudiantes de licenciatura. La confiabilidad se evaluó a través del Alfa de Cronbach, la validez de constructo mediante el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Se detectó una estructura de 6 factores con un valor de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin de .839 y la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett fue significativa [χ2(496)= 5379.608, p<.0001]. Los factores tuvieron valores de consistencia interna entre .67 a .87. Por lo que se concluye que la escala del modelo de creencias para la AEM en mujeres jóvenes mexicanas presenta la misma estructura factorial que la original siendo válida y confiable para propósitos de investigación.

Abstract The objective of this study was to adapt the health belief model scale for breast self-examination (BSE) in university students and determine its validity and reliability. The health beliefs model scale of 39 items was applied in 994 undergraduate students. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach's Alpha, construct validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis. A structure of six factors with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of .839 was detected and Bartlett's Sphericity Test was significant [χ2 (496) = 5379.608, p <.0001]. The factors had internal consistency values between .67 and .87. Therefore, it can be concluded that the belief model scale for BSE in young Mexican women presents the same factorial structure as the original, being valid and reliable for research purposes.

Are Psychological Beliefs built on the Ideology of Early Christian Fathers? / ¿Se basan las Creencias Psicológicas en la Ideología de los Padres de la Iglesia Cristiana Temprana?

Abstract The aims of the present study were to investigate the relationship between: a) Patristic ideology and mentalist and behaviorist beliefs, and b) the relationship between mentalist and behaviorist beliefs and cognitive, neuropsychological and interbehavioral beliefs. The beliefs were assessed through an instrument purposely built for this research. A sample composed of 284 university students of first-semester psychology (84 men and 200 women; mean ages M = 17.82 years, SD = 2.34, range 16-38 years) were enrolled. After performing structural equation modelling (SEM), results show that patristic ideology is not related to behaviorism (β = .09, p = .387), but it is related with mentalism (β = .26, p = .042), also the mentalism is related with cognitive beliefs (β = .72, p =.001) and neuropsychological beliefs (β = .87, p = .014), while behaviorism is related with interbehavioral beliefs (β = .42, p = .014). It was found that first-year psychology students show less acceptance of the early patristic ideology (M = 75.28), it is less successful than mentalism (M = 86.33). The conclusion is that mentalism, successor of Patristic ideology, continues to be related to cognitive and neuropsychological beliefs.

Resumen En este artículo se lleva a cabo primeramente una revisión teórica de filosofía, ciencia y psicología. Posteriormente, los orígenes de la psicología y sus creencias se analizan a partir de la historia de la antigua Grecia. Finalmente, se realiza una revisión de la ideología patrística y escolástica. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron investigar la relación entre: a) la ideología patrística y las creencias mentalistas y conductistas, y b) la relación entre las creencias mentalistas y conductistas y las creencias cognitivas, neuropsicológicas e interconductuales. Las creencias fueron evaluadas a través de un instrumento creado ex profeso para esta investigación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 284 estudiantes universitarios de psicología de primer semestre (84 hombres y 200 mujeres, edad media M = 17.82 años, SD = 2.34, rango 16-38 años). Después de realizar el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés), los resultados muestran que la ideología patrística no está relacionada con el conductismo (β = .09, p = .387), pero está relacionada con el mentalismo (β = .26, p = .042), también el mentalismo está relacionado con creencias cognitivas (β = .72, p = .001) y creencias neuropsicológicas (β = .87, p = .014), mientras que el conductismo está relacionado con creencias interconductuales (β = .42, p = .014 ) Se encuentra que los estudiantes de psicología de primer año muestran una menor aceptación de la ideología patrística temprana (M = 75.28), es menos exitoso que el mentalismo (M = 86.33). Sin embargo, a pesar de este descenso en prestigio, los estudiantes universitarios, quienes apenas han iniciado su carrera de psicología consideran a la ideología Patrística más creíble (M = 75.28) que el conductismo (M = 63.23). En otras palabras, aparentemente a estos estudiantes les parece más coherente creer que hay dos substancias incompatibles coexistiendo en uno mismo que aceptar que solo hay una. La conclusión es que el mentalismo, sucesor de la ideología patrística, sigue estando relacionado con las creencias cognitivas y neuropsicológicas.

Construct validity of a new scale for assessing anger proneness (APS-G) / Propiedades psicométricas de una nueva escala para evaluar la propensión a la ira (APS-G)

Abstract Introduction The negative effects of anger on health highlight the value of developing short, reliable, and valid instruments that allow its assessment whether for the purpose of research, clinical diagnosis, and/or evaluation of interventions aimed at reducing it effectively. Objective The primary aim of this research was to determine the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity, as well as the factorial invariance, of a new scale to measure anger proneness. Method A confirmatory factorial analysis was used. Results An online nonprobability sample composed of 457 participants (35.2% men and 64.8% women), with a mean age of 36.87 years (SD = 12.513) was recruited. The unidimensional model of the García's Brief Scale for Assessing Anger Proneness (APS-G scale) shows a good data fit (df = 2; χ2 = 5.515; χ2/df = 2.575; CFI = .993; GFI = .996; RMSEA = .051; SRMR = .0193). There are factorial, configural, metric, unrestricted, strong, and strict factorial invariances between men and women. Likewise, a positive correlation coefficient exists between the APS-G scale and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (r = .561; p < .01); on the other hand, there is a negative correlation coefficient between the studied scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (r = -.179; p < .01). Discussion and conclusion A new reliable and valid instrument to measure anger proneness has been created, and its use is proposed for research and screening purposes with Spanish-speaking population.

Resumen Introducción Los efectos negativos de la ira sobre la salud apuntan a la importancia de desarrollar instrumentos cortos, confiables y válidos que permitan su evaluación, ya sea con propósitos de investigación, diagnóstico clínico y/o evaluaciones de intervenciones que la reduzcan de manera efectiva. Objetivo El objetivo primario fue determinar la validez de constructo, convergente y discriminante, así como la invarianza factorial, de una nueva escala para medir la disposición a la ira. Método Se usó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar la estructura factorial subyacente y para identificar la validez de constructo del modelo de medición. Resultados Se reclutó una muestra en línea no probabilística compuesta por 457 participantes (35.2% hombres y 64.8% mujeres), con una edad promedio de 36.87 años (DE = 12.513). El modelo de medición muestra una buena bondad de ajuste para la escala unidimensional EPI-G (gl = 2; χ2 = 5.515; χ2/gl = 2.575; CFI = .993; GFI = .996; RMSEA = .051; SRMR = .0193). Se encuentra invarianza factorial configuracional, métrica, fuerte y estricta entre hombres y mujeres, además de una correlación positiva entre la escala propuesta y la Expresión Externa de la Ira del STAXI-2 (r = .561; p < .01) y negativa con la escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) (r = -.179; p < .01). Discusión y conclusión Un nuevo instrumento para medir la disposición a la ira fue creado para propósitos de investigación y tamizaje, sobre todo en población hispanohablante.

Evidencias psicométricas de una medida breve de resiliencia en adultos mayores peruanos no institucionalizados / Psychometric evidence of a brief measure of resilience in non-institutionalized Peruvian older adults

La resiliencia es comprendida como el dominio de recursos personales y factores contextuales que permiten un afrontamiento exitoso y el logro de una adaptación positiva ante los diferentes estresores que aparecen a lo largo de la vida, siendo así importante dentro del proceso de envejecimiento saludable y exitoso. En la actualidad se han desarrollado instrumentos breves para la medición de la resiliencia como la escala breve de resiliencia (BRCS - Brief Resilient Coping Scale) que evalúa la capacidad de los individuos para hacer frente al estrés de manera adaptativa. En este sentido, el estudio ofrece evidencia de validez y fiabilidad de la BRCS en adultos mayores no institucionalizados peruanos. Se contó con la participación de 236 adultos mayores con una edad promedio de 72.8 años (DT = 6.90) de los cuales el 78.4% eran mujeres y el 21.6% hombres, quienes respondieron la versión en español del BRCS y otras escalas para medir la satisfacción con la vida, humor como afrontamiento y depresión. Mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio se corrobora la estructura unidimensional de la BRCS. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach y omega indicaron una adecuada fiabilidad de la BRCS. Tanto los índices de ajuste del modelo como los valores de los coeficientes de fiabilidad fueron mejores en comparación con los reportados en la literatura. La BRCS mostró una correlación positiva significativa con la satisfacción con la vida y el humor como afrontamiento (p < .01). Asimismo, se observó una correlación negativa significativa con depresión (p < .01). Los resultados muestran que la BRCS cuenta con evidencias de validez y fiabilidad que avala su empleo como medida breve de la resiliencia en adultos mayores peruanos

Resilience is understood as the domain of personal resources and contextual factors that allow for a successful coping and enhance positive adaptation to the different stressors during the lifespan, thereby being important for a healthy and successful aging. Nowadays, several brief instruments have been developed to measure resilience, such as the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), an instrument that measures the ability of people to confront stress in an adaptive way. In this vein, the study provides evidence of the validity and reliability of the BRCS in non-institutionalized older adults in Peru. Two hundred thirty-six elderly people of both genders, 78.4% women and 21.6% men, with a mean age of 72.8 years (SD = 6.90), who answered the Spanish version of the BRCS and other scales to measure satisfaction with life, humor as coping, and depression. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborates the one-dimensional structure of the BRCS. The coefficients of internal consistency, Chronbach's alpha and omega, indicated an adequate reliability of the BRCS. Both the adjustment indices of the model and the values of the coefficients of reliability were higher compared to those reported in the literature. The BRCS showed positive and significant correlations with satisfaction with life and humor as coping (p < .01). Likewise, negative and significant correlations were observed with depression (p < .01). The results show that the BRCS has proved valid and reliable, supporting its use as a short measure of resilience in older Peruvians

Psychometric Evidence of the Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale in Peruvian Elderly / Evidencia Psicométrica de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener en adultos mayores peruanos / Evidência psicométrica da Escala de Satisfação com a Vida de Diener em Pessoas Idosas Peruanas

Abstract Introduction: In recent years, satisfaction with life has aroused the interest of gerontological research, thus being one of the most used concepts to measure subjective well-being, in addition to being an indicator of successful aging. Materials and methods: The psychometric properties of the Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale were assessed in Peruvian elderly individuals. The instrument was applied to 236 elderly from the city of Trujillo (78.4 % female and 21.6 % male), with an average age of 72.8 years old, and their standard deviation = 6.90. In order to obtain convergent and discriminant validity, the tests Single Item of Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale were conducted. Results: Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale shows a one-dimensional structure (χ2 = 10.960, df = 5, p = .05, χ2/ά/ = 2.192, GFI = .983, CFI = .994, NFI = .988; RMSEA = .071 [ci 90 % .000, .129]; and SRMR = .013), presenting positive correlations with resilience and negative correlations with depression. Moreover, it presents a high reliability index estimated by the method of internal consistency with the Cronbach's Alpha Test (α = .93), Omega coefficient (ω = .93; ci 95 %: .92 -.95) and GLB = .94. Conclusion: For purposes of research -among other-, we recommend the use of the Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale for Peruvian elderly persons.

Resumen Introducción: en los últimos años, la satisfacción con la vida ha despertado el interés de la investigación gerontológica, siendo uno de los conceptos más utilizados para medir el bienestar subjetivo, además de constituir un indicador del envejecimiento exitoso. Materiales y métodos: se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener en adultos mayores peruanos. Participaron 236 personas (78.40 % mujeres; 21.60 % hombres). La edad promedio fue de 72.8 años y su desviación estándar = 6.90 (desviación standard). Para obtener evidencia de validez convergente y discriminante se aplicaron la prueba de Ítem Único de Satisfacción con la Vida, la Brief Resilient Coping Scale y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica. Resultados: se encuentra que la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida muestra una estructura unidimensional (χ2 = 10.960, df = 5, p = .05, x2/df = 2.192, GFI = .983, CFI = .994, NFI = .988; RMSEA = .071 [IC 90 % .000, .129]; y SRMR = .013), se relaciona positivamente con la resiliencia y negativamente con la depresión. Además, presenta altos índices de consistencia interna (alfa = .93; ic 95 %: .90-.94; omega = .93; ic 95 %: .92-.95 y GLB =.94). Conclusión: cuando menos, para propósitos de investigación se recomienda uso de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en adultos mayores peruanos.

Resumo Introdução: nos últimos anos, a satisfação com a vida tem despertado o interesse da investigação gerontológica, sendo um dos conceitos mais utilizados para medir o bem-estar subjetivo, para além de construir um indicador do envelhecimento bem-sucedido. Materiais e métodos: avaliaram-se as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Satisfação com a Vida de Diener em idosos peruanos. Participaram 236 pessoas (78.40% mulheres; 21.60% homens). A idade média foi de 72.8 anos e Desvio padrão = 6.90. para obter evidência de validez convergente e discriminante, se aplicaram a prova de Item Único de Satisfação com a Vida, o Brief Resilient Coping Scale e a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica. Resultados: encontra-se que a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida mostra uma estrutura unidimensional (χ2 = 10.960, df = 5, p = .05, x2/df = 2.192, GFI = .983, CFI = .994, NFI = .988; RMSEA = .071 [ic90 2% .000, .129]; e SRMR = .013), se relaciona positivamente com a resiliência e negativamente com a depressão. Para além disso, apresenta altos índices de consistência interna (alfa = .93; ic 95 %:.90-.94; omega=.93; ic 95 %: .92-.95 e GLB = .94). Conclusão: pelo menos para propósitos de pesquisa, recomenda-se o uso da Escala de Satisfação com a Vida em idosos peruanos.

El efecto de la hipnoterapia en la calidad de sueño de mujeres con cáncer de mama / The effect of hypnotherapy in the sleep quality of women with breast cancer

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio es comprobar la eficacia de la hipnoterapia en la calidad de sueño de mujeres con cáncer de mama, mientras recibían tratamiento médico estándar. Método: Participaron 40 pacientes con cáncer de mama en los primeros estadios, programadas para quimioterapia. Se conformaron dos grupos de 20 pacientes cada uno, a uno de los grupos se le aplicó una fase intensiva de 12 sesiones de hipnoterapia grupal durante un mes y una segunda fase de 12 sesiones cada quince días, durante seis meses mientras que el otro grupo (control) solo recibió tratamiento médico estándar. La calidad de sueño de las pacientes de ambos grupos fue evaluada con el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh (ICSP) que se aplicó antes de la intervención, así como al término de las 12 y 24 sesiones. Resultados: Al finalizar el primer bloque de 12 sesiones, el grupo de hipnoterapia mostró una mejoría clínica y estadísticamente significativa en los componentes de latencia, duración, eficiencia y calidad global de sueño del ICSP. Posteriormente, a las 24 sesiones solo se mantuvo la significancia en el componente de eficiencia de sueño y en los otros tres componentes únicamente se mantuvo la mejoría clínica. En comparación con el grupo control, que a las 12 sesiones mostró un aumento en los componentes lo que indica una peor calidad de sueño, manteniendo estos resultados a las 24 sesiones. Conclusiones: La hipnoterapia es una técnica psicoterapéutica útil para mejorar la calidad de sueño de mujeres con cáncer de mama que reciben quimioterapia. Sin embargo es importante, diseñar un estudio experimental aleatorizado que confirme estos datos

Objective: The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in sleep quality in breast cancer women while receiving standard medical treatment. Method: Participants were 40 breast cancer patients in the early stages, scheduled for chemotherapy. Two groups of 20 patients each, one group was applied an intensive phase of 12 sessions of group hypnotherapy for a month and a second phase of 12 sessions every fortnight for six months while the other group was formed (control) received only standard medical treatment. Sleep quality of patients in both groups was assessed with the Quality Index Pittsburgh Sleep (ICSP) that was applied before surgery and at the end of 12 and 24 sessions. Results: At the end of the first block of 12 sessions, the hypnotherapy group showed a clinically and statistically significant in the components of latency, duration, efficiency and overall quality of sleep ICSP improvement. Later, at only 24 sessions’s significance in the sleep efficiency component and the other three components shall be maintained clinical improvement was maintained. These results compared with the control group, at 12 sessions that showed an increase in components indicating a poorer quality of sleep, keeping these results to 24 sessions

Psicología y salud en México: algunas reflexiones basadas en el sentido común y la experiencia / Psychology and Health In Mexico: Some Reflections Based on Common Sense and the Experience

A mediados de la pasada década se publicó un trabajo en el que se analizaba por qué, a pesar del desarrollo experimentado por la psicología y salud en México, en ese entonces se hadan evidentes dos problemas: la falta de reconocimiento profesional de la psicología y los psicólogos en los marcos normativos sobre la materia, por un lado, así como las dificultades que enfrentaban para su integración en los equipos interdisciplinarios de salud, por el otro. Casi una década después nos encontramos que en general la situación no ha cambiado de manera sustancial, lo que a final de cuentas se traduce en un ejercicio profesional que dista mucho de estar impactando positivamente al diseño, instrumentación y evaluación de programas de investigación e intervención en el seno mismo de las instituciones de salud. Con base en el sentido común y la experiencia de los autores, en este trabajo se discute sobre tres asuntos que consideramos pudieran ayudar a revertir dicha situación, en beneficio de la psicología y los psicólogos que se desempeñan en el ámbito de la salud.

In the middle of the last decade was published a work in which analyzed why, despite the development experienced by the psychology and health in Mexico, then became evident two problems: the lack of professional recognition of psychology and psychologists in the normative frameworks on the subject, on the one hand, as well as the difficulties faced by these for their integration into the interdisciplinary teams of health, on the other. Almost a decade later we find that overall the situation has not changed substantially, which ultimately translates into a professional practice that is far be positively impacting the design, implementation and evaluation of research and intervention programs in the context of health institutions. Based on common sense and the experience of the authors, in this work is discussed on three issues that we believe could help to reverse this situation, for the benefit of psychology and psychologists working in the health field.

Psicología y Salud (II): tendiendo puentes entre la Psicología Básica y la Aplicada. El rol del fenómeno de personalidad / Psychology and Health (II): building bridges between Basic and Applied Psychology. The role of the personality phenomenon

Una parte importante del contenido de lo psicológico en la salud y la enfermedad tiene que ver con la conducta de una persona en lo individual, es decir, con el fenómeno de personalidad. Sin una caracterización apropiada de este fenómeno se dificulta el cumplimiento de dos tareas sustantivas en la Psicología y Salud, a saber: 1) identificar y evaluar lo que una persona ha hecho en el pasado, de manera estable y consistente a lo largo del tiempo y entre situaciones, y 2) traducir los hallazgos en programas de prevención primaria, susceptibles de ser replicados bajo distintas condiciones y en diferentes escenarios. Con la finalidad de dar seguimiento a lo expuesto en un artículo previo (Piña, Ybarra, Alcalá y Samaniego, 2010), el presente trabajo se planteó con el objetivo de discutir por qué en el ámbito de la salud es fundamental que los modelos teóricos incluyan un conjunto debidamente articulado de categorías y conceptos que permitan vincular los niveles básico y aplicado, así como lo psicológico con los fenómenos de la salud y la enfermedad, dentro de los que se destaca el de personalidad.

An important part of the psychological aspect in health and sickness has to do with the conduct of a person as an indidual, that is to say, with the phenomenon of personality. Without an appropriate characterization of this phenomenon, compliance with two fundamental tasks in psychology and health is made difficult. These are 1) to identify and evaluate what a person has done in the past in a stable and consistent way over a period of time and between situations, and 2) to translate the findings into programs of primary prevention, able to be reproduced under different conditions and in different scenarios. With the purpose of following up what was stated in a previous article (Piña, Ybarra, Alcalá y Samaniego, 2010), this study was proposed with the objective of discussing why, in the context of health, it is fundamental that theoretical models include a properly coordinated set of categories and concepts which allow basíc and applied levels to be linked, as well as the psychological aspect with the phenomena of health and sickness, among those which highlight personality.

Uma parte importante do conteúdo do psicológico na saúde e a doença têm a ver com a conduta de uma pessoa no individua, é dizer, com o fenômeno da personalidade. Sem uma caracterização apropriada de este fenômeno e difícil o cumprimento de duas tarefas substantivas na psicología e saúde, que são as seguintes: 1) identificar e avaliar o que uma pessoa tem feito no passado de maneira estável e consiste ao longo do tempo e entre situações, e 2) traduzir os descobrimentos em programas de prevenção primaria susceptíveis de serem replicados baixos diferentes condições e distintos cenários. Com a finalidade de dar seguimento ao exposto num artigo prévio (Piña, Ybarra, Alcalá y Samaniego, 2010), o presente trabalho foi planejado com o escopo de discutir por que no âmbito da saúde é fundamental que os modelos teóricos incluam um conjunto devidamente articulado de categorías e conceitos que permitam vincular os níveis básico e aplicado; assim como o psicológico com os fenômenos da saúde e a doença, dentro dos que é destacado o de personalidade.